Bone fractures, which represent 2% - 5% of adults annually, are considered a significant health concern, particularly as their incidence has recently increased. Bones are composed of minerals such as calcium and phosphate, and organic components like type I collagen, provide structural integrity and strength. The periosteum plays a vital role in bone healing, with children's thicker periosteum contributing to faster recovery compared to adults. This review emphasizes the critical role of the immune system in bone fracture healing, highlighting the inflammatory response as a key factor in bone healing. Immediately after the occurrence of a fracture, immune cells are recruited to the site of the fracture, initiating a cascade of healing processes that include angiogenesis and tissue repair scenarios. The healing process is classified into primary and secondary healing, each with distinct mechanisms. Factors influencing healing include fracture location, patient age, physical activity levels, medical conditions, medication use, smoking, and the biomechanical environment. The healing phases—inflammatory, repair, and remodeling—are regulated by the immune cells, particularly macrophages and T-cells, which can either facilitate or hinder recovery. Understanding the immune response is essential to developing effective therapeutic strategies for the healing of the bone structures.
Inflammatory immune response and its key roles in the process of bone fractures healing
Authors
- Ahmad M. Abdel-Mageed Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Abdellatif, M. M Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
- Ali Y. H Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Virology, Central Veterinary, Research Laboratory P. O. Box 8067 Khartoum, Sudan.
- Intisar K.S Intisar Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Virology, Central Veterinary, Research Laboratory P. O. Box 8067 Khartoum, Sudan.
- Ismail M. A. M. Shahhat Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Medhat Ahmed Abu-Tahon Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia, and Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University
- Mohamed A. Abdein Seeds Development Department, El-Nada Misr Scientific Research and Development Projects, Mansoura, Egypt
- Mohammad M. Aljameeli Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Salma Yousif Sidahmed Elsheikh Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Shereen Ahmed Elwasefy Assistant Professor of Pediatric Nursing, Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, Jouf University, and Assistant Professor of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University. Cairo, Egypt.
- Sihem Mahrouki Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
- Zeinab A. Ali Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Science, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
